Content and Discourse Analysis

Online Lecture at American Space, Almaty, 2nd April 2018

Content and discourse analysis belong to the standard toolbox of qualitative research in the social sciences. They enable scholars to analyze the structures and practices of public communication. Rooted in the positivist epistemological tradition, qualitative content analysis is aimed at the systematic mapping and classification of textual data. Researchers formulate hypotheses and construct a coding frame of categories to structure the data and detect underlying patterns or trends. In contrast, discourse analysis is embedded in the constructivist and hermeneutic traditions of the social sciences. The key aim of this method is to interpret the implicit meaning of discourse fragments and situate them in the context of larger frames, discourses or narratives. read more

Illiberal Drift and Proliferation

A comparative study on the state of democracy and market economy in East-Central and Southeast Europe

In recent years, the illiberal tendencies characteristic of several East-Central and Southeast European countries have taken their toll on nearly all segments of society, from opposition parties to parliaments and judiciaries, to oversight institutions, local and regional self-governing administrative organs, the media, NGOs, the private sector and minority groups as well. This process can best be described as “illiberal drift,” because key democratic institutions – free and competitive elections, political participation rights and individual liberties, separation of powers and rule of law – are not abolished or fundamentally questioned. Rather these institutions are, over time, re-interpreted and subject to changes that pull them increasingly further away from the understanding that led the democratization processes of the 1990s and the enlargement of the EU in the 2000s. In recent years, the dismantling and erosion processes in Hungary and Poland have raised particular international attention. However, illiberal thinking and acting have meanwhile proliferated to numerous states of East-Central and Southeast Europe.

My regional report is part of the Transformation Index project, a global comparison and expert survey on democracy, market economy and governance in developing and postsocialist countries.

Download:BTI18_OMESOE

Eastern Partnership Index 2018 Update

On 25 January 2018, the Eastern Partnership Civil Society Forum published the fifth edition of the Eastern Partnership Index. The Index is a set of individual and composite indicators which measure the extent to which the six Eastern European neighbour countries of the European Union have established sustainable democratic institutions and made progress towards closer integration with the EU.

In the methodology suggested by me, “integration” is conceived as a core and multi-dimensional concept that consists of converging norms, growing economic exchange, deeper transnational networks linking up societies, and more frequent contacts between people. This broad notion of integration implies that EU membership or association may be aims, stages or final states of the integration process. However, it is not limited to a measure of harmonisation with EU norms and standards, but also reflects actual societal, economic and political change. The levels of contractual relations between the Eastern Partnership states and the EU are viewed as elements of a much broader process that is, as a whole, not driven or controlled solely by governments and intergovernmental negotiations.

Rather, European integration is seen as a non-hierarchical, networked process where citizens, civic associations and business organisations play important roles. The interplay of these actors has been crucial for the historical development of the EU itself, as it induced and supported national political elites to take legal and institutional steps towards closer integration. Drawing on this experience, the Index is built on the premise that the ties between societies, peoples and economies form dimensions of European integration that are at least as important as the policy agendas of national governments and European Commission officials.

It is further assumed that transnational linkages contribute to the emergence and spread of common European and international norms which, in turn, facilitate closer linkages with the EU. For example, increasing trade is likely to strengthen domestic companies that benefit from foreign investment and are likely to become interested in courts that protect investors’ rights. A judicial system based on fair procedures and professionalism will then contribute to attracting more foreign investors.

An analogous reinforcing dynamic derives from a commitment to international norms and universal values. By incorporating democratic values, the protection of human rights and the rule of law in their constitutions, EaP states have adopted universal norms that have formed the basis of co-operation and integration among West European states since the end of the Second World War. The more these norms are implemented and respected in EaP states, the more co-operation with the EU will ensue because these states and the EU will increasingly recognise each other as partners sharing common norms and underlying values.

Download the report:EaP_Index_2016

Download the dataset

 

Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnungen

in: Politik und Wirtschaft: Ein integratives Kompendium, hrsg. v. K. Mause, Ch. Müller u. K. Schubert u. Springer-Verlag 2018, 89-113; Ko-Autor: J. Zweynert

Abstract

Die Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen wirtschaftlicher und gesellschaftlicher Ordnung hat in Politik- und Wirtschaftswissenschaft nicht nur eine lange Tradition, sondern erlebt derzeit auch eine lebhafte Renaissance. Das vorliegende Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die früheren und heutigen Beiträge zu dieser Thematik. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Forschungen an der Schnittstelle von Wirtschafts- und Politikwissenschaft. Darüber hinausgehend bemühen wir uns, eine Erklärung dafür zu finden, warum das Interesse an dem hier behandelten Thema im historischen Zeitablauf auffälligen Schwankungen unterliegt. Unsere diesbezügliche These lautet: Immer dann, wenn das Verhältnis von politischem und ökonomischem System dynamischen Veränderungen unterliegt, steigt das Interesse am Zusammenhang zwischen Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnungen; immer dann, wenn das Verhältnis der beiden gesellschaftlichen Subsysteme relativ stabil ist, beschäftigen sich Politikwissenschaftler und Ökonomen eher damit, was innerhalb „ihres“ jeweiligen Systems vor sich geht.

Einleitung

Der vorliegende Beitrag verfolgt eine doppelte Zielsetzung. Zum einen wollen wir überblicksartig darstellen, wie Politikwissenschaftler und Ökonomen jeweils über das Themengebiet „Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnungen“ denken und schreiben. Zum anderen – und darauf liegt unser Schwerpunkt – wollen wir jene „polit-ökonomischen“ (also an der Schnittstelle beider Disziplinen angesiedelten) Theorieansätze näher beleuchten, die sich mit den Zusammenhängen zwischen Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnung befassen. Solche Ansätze haben in Politikwissenschaft wie Volkswirtschaftslehre nicht nur eine lange Tradition, wie etwa in der klassischen Politischen Ökonomie (Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx), im Historismus oder in der deutschen Ordnungsökonomik, die sich vor allem mit dem Problem   der „Interdependenz“ der politischen und wirtschaftlichen Ordnung befasste. Sondern derartige Ansätze erleben derzeit durch Autoren wie Daron Acemoglu und James A. Robinson (2006; 2012) oder Douglass C. North, John J. Wallis und Barry R. Weingast (2009) derzeit auch eine lebhafte Renaissance. Unsere These lautet: Dieses Revival polit-ökonomischen Theoretisierens ist kein Zufall, sondern dem Umstand geschuldet, dass wir in einer historischen Phase leben, in der das Verhältnis von Wirtschaft und Politik besonders dynamischen Veränderungen unterliegt. Diese Veränderungsdynamik lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit sowohl von Politik- als auch von Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern an die Schnittstellen der Systeme. Grundsätzlich scheint zu gelten: Immer dann, wenn das Verhältnis von politischem und ökonomischem System „in Bewegung“ ist, intensiviert sich auch die inter-disziplinäre Analyse der auf diese beiden Erkenntnisobjekte spezialisierten Disziplinen; immer dann, wenn das Verhältnis der beiden gesellschaftlichen Subsysteme stabil ist, beschäftigen sich Politikwissenschaftler und Ökonomen eher damit, was innerhalb „ihres“ jeweiligen Systems vor sich geht.

Das Kapitel gliedert sich im Wesentlichen chronologisch wie folgt: Im folgenden zweiten Abschnitt behandeln wir die Ko-Evolution von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft und die wissenschaftliche Analyse ihres Verhältnisses von der Industriellen Revolution bis zur Großen Depression der 1930er Jahre. Der dritte Abschnitt befasst sich mit den sozialistischen Ordnungen und der Systemtransformation. Der vierte Abschnitt ist dem „Goldenen Zeitalter“ des wohlfahrtstaatlichen Kapitalismus (1960er bis 1980er Jahre), der Diversität marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnungen und der Globalisierung gewidmet. Der fünfte Abschnitt schließlich behandelt die heutigen Schnittstellendiskurse über wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Ordnungen.

(…)

Aktuelle Schnittstellendiskurse: Von disziplinären zu transdisziplinären Bruchlinien?

Im heutigen interdisziplinären Diskurs über Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnungen lassen sich zwei Strömungen unterscheiden, die in gewisser Weise an die beiden Erklärungsansätze institutionellen Wandels von Douglass C. North anschließen. Während die in den 1960er und 1970er Jahren entstandene „Neue Institutionenökonomik“ heute weitgehend von der Mikroökonomik absorbiert worden ist, hat sich ab der zweiten Hälfte der 1990er Jahre eine ökonomische Denkrichtung etabliert, die sich aus einer Makroperspektive mit Institutionen als Determinanten von Wachstum und Entwicklung beschäftigt (etwa: Hall/Jones 1999; Rodrik/Subramanian/Trebbi 2004). Charakteristisch für diesen Ansatz ist erstens ein relativ enger Institutionenbegriff, der sich weitgehend auf formelle Institutionen (wie etwa Eigentumsrechte, die Rule of Law, das Wahlrecht) beschränkt, und zweitens ein Streben nach analytischer Rigorosität, das sich in einer stark formalisierten Sprache und dem Bestreben ausdrückt, die aufgestellten Hypothesen ökonometrisch zu überprüfen. Vor allem dank der für diese Richtung wegweisenden Beiträge des Ökonomen Daron Acemoglu und des Politologen James A. Robinson hat sich hier ein genuin polit-ökonomischer Diskurs entwickelt, im Rahmen dessen Ökonomen und Politologen auf Grundlage einer einheitlichen Methodik forschen. Das wohl bisher wichtigste Ergebnis dieser in normativer Hinsicht zumeist eher liberal ausgerichteten Forschung besteht in der Neuformulierung der bereits bei den Autoren der Freiburger Schule um Franz Böhm und Walter Eucken, bei Douglass C. North und bei Mancur Olson thematisierten Interdependenz von wirtschaftlicher und politischer Ordnung. Um diesen Zusammenhang zu verdeutlichen, unterscheiden Acemoglu und Robinson in ihrem jüngsten Buch „Why Nations Fail“ (2012) zwischen „extraktiven“ und „inklusiven“ Ordnungen. Der entscheidende Punkt lautet dabei: Dort, wo politische Herrschaft monopolisiert ist, liegt es regelmäßig im Interesse der Herrscher, Innovationen gezielt zu unterdrücken, weil die damit verbundene „kreative Zerstörung“ (Schumpeter) nicht nur wirtschaftliche Pfründe, sondern auch die Herrschaft der politischen Elite destabilisieren könnte.

Der zweite interdisziplinäre Diskurs kreist stärker um jene informellen Bestimmungsgründe von Wandlungsprozessen wie mentale Modelle, historische und kulturelle Vermächtnisse und religiöse Prägungen, wie sie bereits in den Historischen Schulen, im älteren Institutionalismus und bei Douglass C. North in seinem späteren Werk behandelt worden waren. Nachdem es auch in der Ökonomik in den 1990er Jahren eine Diskussion um die Bedeutung „weicher“ Faktoren für institutionellen Wandel gegeben hatte (etwa Greif 1994; Denzau/North 1994; Keefer/Knack 1997) wurde er in den 2000er Jahren immer stärker von den hier erstgenannten Ansätzen überlagert, die den entscheidenden Vorteil haben, kompatibler mit den in der Ökonomik vorherrschenden quantitativen Methoden zu sein. So waren es vor allem Politikwissenschaftler und Soziologen, die – vor allem im Rahmen der bereits erwähnten „New Political Economy“ – den Diskurs über die Bedeutung informeller Institutionen für Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnungen fortführten (stellvertretend: Streeck/Thelen 2005). Als ein besonders dynamischer Zweig hat sich dabei die Diskussion über „Ideen und institutionellen Wandel“ erwiesen, die bisweilen zu der Forderung geführt hat, ein gesondertes Forschungsfeld, den sogenannten „ideationalen“ oder „konstruktivistischen“ Institutionalismus zu etablieren (Blyth 2002; Beland/Cox 2011; Hay 2006; Schmidt 2008). Auch in diesem qualitativ-historisierenden Zweig institutioneller Forschung zeigt sich in allerjüngster Zeit zumindest die Tendenz ab, dass Ökonomen und Sozialwissenschaftler Fächergrenzen überwinden und einen gemeinsamen Diskurs etablieren. Ein Anzeichen dafür ist die 2014 erfolgte Gründung des „World Interdisciplinary Network for Institutional Research (WINIR)“. Bemerkenswert ist, dass die Initiative zur Gründung des Netzwerks von dem heterodoxen Institutionenökonomen Geoffrey Hodgson ausging – wohl der Einsicht folgend, dass das eigene Forschungs-programm innerhalb der eigenen Disziplin immer weniger anschlussfähig ist. Und Dani Rodrik, einer der derzeit bedeutendsten Entwicklungsökonomen hat sich mit einem ebenfalls aus dem Jahr 2014 stammenden Papier „When Ideas Trump Interests: Preferences, Worldviews, and Policy Innovations“ eindeutig an den sozialwissenschaftlich dominierten Diskurs über „weiche Faktoren“ wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung angeschlossen.

Angesichts der hohen Tempos des weltweit zu beobachtenden institutionellen Wandels und aufgrund der jüngsten Krisenerfahrungen ist die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen wirtschaftlicher und politischer Ordnung heute sowohl für Wirtschafts- als auch Politikwissenschaftler hochgradig aktuell. Das gilt offenkundig auch für den Gegenstand des ersten Methodenstreits (vgl. Louzek 2011), die von Walter Eucken so bezeichnete „Antinomie“ zwischen deduktiv-theoretischer-quantitativer und verstehend-historisierend-qualitativer Erforschung gesellschaftlicher Ordnungen und ihres Wandels, von denen die erste Richtung stärker nach allgemeingültigen Gesetzmäßigkeiten fragt und die zweite eher an den spezifischen Bestimmungsgründen institutionellen Wandels interessiert ist. Aus unserer Sicht ist es faszinierend zu beobachten, dass die Grenzen zwischen den jeweiligen Lagern zunehmend nicht mehr zwischen den Disziplinen verlaufen, sondern mitten durch sie hindurch. Diese Beobachtung muss aber dahingehend abgeschwächt werden, dass zum heutigen Zeitpunkt das erstgenannte Lager innerhalb der Ökonomik eindeutig dominant ist und dass die Volkswirtschaftslehre diesen Diskurs bei aller Interdisziplinarität in methodischer Hinsicht klar dominiert. Und innerhalb des zweitgenannten, historisierend-qualitativen Lagers gilt umgekehrt, dass die Ökonomen in diesem Diskurs rein zahlenmäßig in der Minderheit sind und die vorherrschenden Methoden – jedenfalls dann, wenn man von der Methodologie der modernen VWL ausgeht – eher als sozial- denn als wirtschaftswissenschaftlich zu charakterisieren sind.

Festzuhalten bleibt jedenfalls, dass der interdisziplinäre Diskurs über Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsordnungen heute mit großer Intensität geführt wird. Das Interesse an den Zusammenhängen zwischen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft findet neben der reinen Forschung auch darin seinen Ausdruck, dass sich interdisziplinäre Studienprogramme an den Schnittstellen von Philosophie, Politik und Ökonomik weltweit wachsender Beliebtheit erfreuen.

Challenges to Strategic Government

A case study of Montenegro, presentation at the Transylvanian International Conference in Public Administration, Cluj-Napoca, 2 November 2017

Cluj-Napoca panorama

The European Union encourages and expects its prospective new member states to establish systems of medium-term strategic planning. A meaningful strategic planning process that involves informed choices of priorities and changing existing practices of policymaking is, however, difficult to institutionalize. The chapter sequence of EU accession negotiations pre-defines a policy agenda, leaving little scope for endogenously determined policy priorities. Commitments taken in cooperations with other external donors / actors require tailored strategic planning activities that tend to occur in parallel, emerging from line ministries and usually without prior coordination between departments. Existing routines of planning and budgeting need to be reorganized and adapted which also implies redefining the roles played by coordinating institutions. Ministers and their political advisors need to be convinced and familiarized with the new planning process, which is often associated with changing institutional culture.

In my talk, I discussed these challenges by drawing on information collected during various consultations with civil servants in the Government of Montenegro. Montenegro constitutes a crucial case because it is considered to be a frontrunner among the Western Balkan EU accession candidates. Like other Southeast European countries, Montenegro lacks administrative capacity due to the small size of its public administration and tightening fiscal constraints due to its growing public debt.

See also:

Medium-term strategic planning

Performance Monitoring for Montenegro

Crisis Trajectories and Patterns of Resilience in East-Central and Southeast Europe

Presentation at the Conference “Disintegration and integration in East-Central Europe“, Faculty of European Studies, Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, 26-27 October 2017

Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca

The subsequent economic and refugee crises have questioned the promise of prosperity and security associated with European integration. Governments in East-Central and Southeast Europe struggled to bridge between the diverging policy expectations of voters on the one hand, international economic and political actors on the other. The weakened credibility of mainstream political parties provided opportunities for populist and anti-establishment mobilization. While these crisis-induced influences have been similar in all countries of the region, the extent to which populist challengers have been able to win elections and implement their preferred policy preferences has varied significantly across countries.

In my paper, I analyze the conditions and constellations that account for the resilience of countries with regard to the domestic political consequences of the European crises. I argue that populist challenger parties benefit from bipolar competition because they use polarizing frames of people versus elites to mobilize electoral support. The fragmentation and polarization of party systems reflect the nature of the electoral system and the configuration of cleavages in society. A majoritarian electoral system and congruent cleavages have supported the emergence of  bipolar party system in Hungary and Poland. In contrast, cross-cutting cleavages tend to generate and sustain multi-polar party systems. These party systems facilitate the entry of new parties, but have posed obstacles to new parties trying to broaden and consolidate their constituencies. To assess the intersection or congruence of cleavages, the paper studies the configuration of differences among parties on salient policy issues.

See also:

https://mbrusis.eu/democracies-adrift/

Assessing the Fundamentals of EU Accession

A civil society monitoring for Montenegro

Andrija Pejović, Minister of European Affairs (right), and Dragan Koprivica (Center for Democratic Transition) during the presentation of the reports

In 2015, the European Union redesigned its enlargement policy to focus on the rule of law, public administration and civic rights.  These “fundamentals” are required to meet the criteria of membership and constitute the  preconditions for a sustainable modernization of the Western Balkan states. The European Commission has monitored the state of reforms on the basis of consultations with government officials and external observers.

To involve civil society in this assessment and to provide better evidence for public debates, a Montenegrin think tank, the Center for Democratic Transition (CDT), has surveyed 41 experts and analyzed publicly available data. Drawing on the Commission’s new standardized assessment scales, CDT and I developed detailed questionnaires that assess the following areas: functioning of the judiciary; fight against corruption; fight against organized crime; media freedom; public administration reform; human rights. The results of these surveys are now published in two reports. read more

Core Executives in Central Europe

Handbook of East European Politics, ed. by P. Kopecký and A. Fagan, London: Routledge

Core executives have become increasingly important political actors and arenas due to several interlinked developments affecting both states and societies. Modernisation has weakened the ties between political parties and voters, making parties more dependent on state resources and, in particular, access to government. Since the political process has become more dominated by media communication, political controversy tends to be framed between chief executives and rival political leaders. Global economic integration has narrowed the policy discretion of nation states and fostered the spread of non-majoritarian institutions entrusted with regulatory functions. These trends have been associated with the growing weight of policy output as a source of legitimacy, in contrast to “input legitimacy” derived from democratic elections. Among the three branches of state power, executives control most of the tools available to influence policy outputs and the interventions of both domestic and international regulatory agencies. The crisis and politicisation of European integration have further enhanced the salience of national (chief) executives compared to national legislatures and supranational institutions. As a result, many of the choices characterising politics and policymaking are now made or shaped at the centres of executives.

This chapter discusses the ‘core executive’ both as an empirical field of actors, institutions, and behavioural practices at the centres of Central European governments and as a theoretical concept formulated to study this field. The term ‘core executive’ was initially proposed by Dunleavy and Rhodes (1990) to describe the centre of the British government from a functional perspective. The core executive comprises ‘all those organizations and procedures which coordinate central government policies, and act as final arbiters of conflict between different parts of the government machine’ (Rhodes, 1995, 12, Dunleavy and Rhodes, 1990). In the United Kingdom, these functions are performed by ‘the complex web of institutions, networks and practices surrounding the prime minister, cabinet, cabinet committees and their official counterparts, less formalised ministerial ‘clubs’ or meetings, bilateral negotiations and interdepartmental committees’, including the coordinating departments at the centre of government (Rhodes, 1995, 12). The notion of a core executive represents a conceptual innovation insofar as it

(1) focuses on neutral functions rather than specific institutions like the prime minister or cabinet which may convey normative connotations and cultural bias;

(2) goes beyond a formal institutional analysis to investigate the empirical practice and resources of policy coordination, including both its political and administrative dimensions; and

(3) reflects the fragmented network of institutions that emerged from neoliberal reforms of government and substituted the traditional framework of cabinet government.

Replacing hierarchic, Weberian models of central government by market mechanisms, negotiations, and networks as modes of governance, these reforms are viewed as part of a broader ‘hollowing-out of the state’, a process that has also been driven by growing international interdependencies, the privatisation of public services and devolution (Rhodes, 1994). As a consequence, the spatial metaphor ‘core’ seems more appropriate than ‘top’, and heads or centres of government now appear to be more aptly characterised by their coordination and arbitration functions than by ‘instructing’ or ‘ordering’. The notion of political power underlying the concept of the core executive is relational and contingent (Rhodes and Tiernan, 2015, Elgie, 2011): in order to achieve their goals, prime ministers and core political actors depend on other actors and must exchange resources such as authority, expertise or money with them (Rhodes, 1997, 203).

Apart from these assumptions, the concept of the core executive initially did not bear any implications for the likely or desirable distribution of power, the prevalent modes of governance, or the roles of political actors in central government. This indeterminacy has facilitated its diffusion from the original British context to other Westminster systems as well as to continental European and even to presidential systems of government (Helms, 2005, Weller et al., 1997). However, the ‘essential malleability of the term “core executive” is [also] the reason why its use has become de rigueur. It is a wonderfully convenient term. The result, though, is that the universe of “core executive studies” includes a great deal of work that could, quite happily, use a different term and have no less analytical purchase.’(Elgie, 2011, 72)

The remainder of this chapter distinguishes two paradigms that have shaped core executive studies focusing on Central Europe and reflect the recent history of the region: transition and Europeanisation. A third paradigm of ‘executive governance’ is suggested as a perspective for future work. The main argument of the chapter is that the trend towards centralised executive authority in several Central European countries suggests complementing the analysis of institutional arrangements with a broader analysis of governance. Such an approach would relate institutions to policies and their outcomes, highlighting possible drawbacks of centralisation and trade-offs between different functions or policy objectives.

(c) Martin Brusis. A map of executive governance in OECD and EU member states, based on the Sustainable Governance Indicators dataset
References

Dunleavy, P. and R. A. W. Rhodes (1990) ‘Core Executive Studies in Britain’, Public Administration, 68(1), pp. 3-28.

Elgie, R. (2011) ‘Core Executive Studies Two Decades On’, Public Administration, 89(1), pp. 64-77.

Helms, L. (2005) Presidents, Prime Minister and Chancellors. Executive Leadership in Western Democracies. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Rhodes, R. A. (1995) ‘From Prime Ministerial Power to Core Executive’, in Rhodes, R.A. & P. Dunleavy (eds) Prime Minister, Cabinet and Core Executive. London: Macmillan, pp. 11-37.

Rhodes, R. A. (1994) ‘The Hollowing Out of the State: The Changing Nature of the Public Service in Britain’, The Political Quarterly, 65(2), pp. 138-151.

Rhodes, R. A. (1997) ‘”Shackling the Leader?”: Coherence, Capacity and the Hollow Crown’, in Weller, P., H. Bakvis & R.A. Rhodes (eds) The Hollow Crown. Countervailing Trends in Core Executives Transforming Government. Houndsmill, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 198-223.

Rhodes, R. A. and A. Tiernan (2015) ‘Executive Governance and its Puzzles’, in Massey, A. & K. Miller (eds) International Handbook of Public Administration and Governance. Chelmsford: Edward Elgar, pp. 81-103.

Weller, P., H. Bakvis and R. A. Rhodes (eds) (1997) The Hollow Crown. Countervailing Trends in Core Executives. Houndsmill, Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Prospects of a Dialogue on Kosovo

Interview with Aleksandra Nenadović, Voice of America, 26 July 2017

On 24 July 2017 Serbia’s President Aleksandar Vučić called for an “internal dialogue” on Kosovo. His article triggered an intense public debate and a large media echo within and beyond Serbia because he urged his fellow-citizens to face reality and stop waiting to be given “what we have lost a long time ago”.  Serbia should cease to preserve “a conflict whose meaning we do not understand” and should rather resolve the “Kosovo (Gordian) knot” in a responsible and non-violent way.

(c) Ivan Apostolski, http://pescanik.net/kosovo/

Vučić’s appeal has not indicated how such a solution could look like. In the interview, I argue that he is unlikely to recognize Kosovo and Metohija as an independent state because public opinion in Serbia, most citizens and especially Vučić’s electorate would not support such a decision.

Perhaps his main motive behind the call for an “internal dialogue” on Kosovo has been to strengthen Belgrade’s position during future talks with Priština about the implementation of the Brussels Agreement and the “normalization” of their relationship. A publicly manifested insistence on Kosovo being a part of Serbia would tie the hands of the government regarding EU claims for a de-facto or incremental recognition of Kosovo in the course of accession.

By refering to a supportive domestic public opinion, Serbia’s government could better defend its negotiation position vis-à-vis Brussels/Priština (similar to PM Orbán’s consultation on refugee issues in Hungary or PM Cameron’s Brexit referendum initiative in the UK). Moreover, an public consultation could also delineate the scope for permissible compromises during future normalization talks.

Rather than shifting the responsibility to others, Vučić’s call could be seen as a strategy to involve others in taking responsibility and explore the scope for concessions on Kosovo. Such a dialogue could work because Vučić’s core aims appear to be relatively modest – the main purpose of his initiative seems to be to survey public opinion and generate some resonance rather than crafting a consensus among the different positions.

VOA_170726

 

The Conditional Impact of Democracy Conditions

How the European Union interacts with political competition in Eastern Partnership countries

Studia Europaea, 62 1 2017, 141-160

In the debate about the European Neighbourhood Policy, two positions may be distinguished: those who propose a stricter and more consistent use of democratic conditionality, prioritizing democracy over other EU objectives – and those who refuse to set compliance with democratic standards as a precondition for support, expecting democracy to emerge from closer linkages. The paper argues that both positions do not sufficiently recognize the selective effectiveness of EU conditionality. Democracy conditions can become effective if (1) dense societal, economic and cultural ties with the EU support their domestic acceptance  and (2) ruling political elites are faced with a competitive opposition.

While the EU can not generate or reinforce domestic political competition in Eastern Partnership countries, its democracy conditions can become effective in competitive constellations by helping domestic political actors to agree on institutional constraints to executive authority or on mechanisms of executive accountability. The EU’s democracy conditions remain ineffective in less competitive political systems, because their ruling political elites lack incentives to cooperate with the opposition.

Download the full paper: Brusis_StudiaEuropaea